Impact of Oil Plam Plantations on biodiversityJambi, Central Sumatra, Indonesia
“Best bet” Land-use Systems
Thematic reports
Impact of different land uses on biodiversity
Biodiversity and Productivity Assessment for Sustainable Agroforest Ecosystems
Unique id: IDA1AMZB
Source file: D:\Projects\ASB\ASB Country and Thematic reports\Above ground biodiversity assessmet WG\PART G.xml
Authors: A.N. Gillison, N.Liswanti
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Period: 3 – 9 December 1999
Funding agency: ACIAR (
Summary
The
1. Introduction
A key research thrust of the ICRAF-led consortium on
Alternatives to Slash and Burn (ASB) is to generate tools that can be used by
managers and planners to seek options for sustainable management. This is
particularly relevant to ensuring sustainable management under scenarios of
unforecasted change in both the physical and social environments such as el
Niño events and market shocks. In determining appropriate options it is
necessary to understand first, the nature of the underlying natural resource
and second the likely impact of land management on this, in particular
biodiversity and profitability. This report covers a biophysical investigation
of the impact of Oil Palm plantation establishment in a wide area of lowland
Despite the extremely high biological diversity, land clearing continues unabated. Formerly pristine rainforest and older rubber plantations and ‘jungle’ rubber are being rapidly converted to Oil Palm plantations on a massive scale. A recent study by Fox et al., (2000) (Box 1) indicates the scale of this replacement.
Oil Palm Plantations in
“The
establishment of Oil Palm plantations in the 1990s has been a major factor in
land clearance in
Source: Fox et al.
(2000).
The visible effects of
such large scale clearance can be seen in extreme gully erosion and widespread
infilling and exposure of streams and drainage systems in newly planted areas
(Figs. 5,6). While these tend to be
covered by regrowth the impact on plant and animal habitat is traumatic.
Whereas small-holder areas tend to retain a mosaic of forest cover, these are
removed by corporate holdings so that the gene pool of remaining endemic flora
and fauna is dramatically reduced. The implications from this are that even if
the Oil Palm plantations were abandoned and allowed to return to forest, there
would be few opportunities for re-establishment of native oplants and animals.
According to Fox et al. (2000) if current plans are to
proceed, additional allocations will bring the total land under palm oil in
Table 1. Oil Palm Plantations in
|
|
|
(1) |
|
(2) |
|
(3) |
|
Region |
|
Oil Palm Area Mid-1980 |
|
Land Planted to Oil
Palm |
|
Land Scheduled for Oil
Palm |
|
Aceh |
|
41,100 |
|
206,405 |
|
165,305 |
|
N. Sumatra |
|
550,400 |
|
612,617 |
|
62,217 |
|
W. Sumatra |
|
0 |
|
137,952 |
|
137.952 |
|
Riau |
|
102,200 |
|
606,165 |
|
503,965 |
|
Jambi |
|
30,400 |
|
236,059 |
|
205,659 |
|
S. Sumatra |
|
79,100 |
|
309,761 |
|
230,661 |
|
Bengkulu |
|
2,600 |
|
57,006 |
|
54,406 |
|
Lampung |
|
0 |
|
74,530 |
|
74,530 |
|
W. Kalimantan |
|
0 |
|
279,535 |
|
279,535 |
|
C. Kalimantan |
|
0 |
|
110,376 |
|
110,376 |
|
S. Kalimantan |
|
0 |
|
93,902 |
|
93,902 |
|
E. Kalimantan |
|
0 |
|
78,938 |
|
78,938 |
|
N. Sulawesi |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
C. Sulawesi |
|
11,800 |
|
18,036 |
|
6,236 |
|
S. Sulawesi |
|
0 |
|
83,215 |
|
83,215 |
|
SE Sulawesi |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
W. Nusa Tenggara |
|
1,800 |
|
21,502 |
|
19,702 |
|
Maluku |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
Irian Jaya |
|
23,300 |
|
31,080 |
|
7,780 |
|
|
|
842,700 |
|
2,957,079 |
|
2,114,379 |
Source: MoFEC, 1998
(quoted by Fox et al. 1999)
2. Methods
A field visit was
undertaken from 3 to 9 December 1999 to
the heartland of the Oil Palm industry of
Data were compiled using
the recently developed VegClass software package (Gillison and Carpenter,
2000). VegClass facilitates data compilation and storage using a data structure
and menu based on the rapid field survey proforma. The Windows© based package is capable of tabulating and
graphing specified variables in one or more plots and has the capacity of
generating PFT diversity indices using the commonly used Shannon-Wiener,
Simpson’s and Fisher’s Alpha measures (Magurran, 1996; Gillison et al. 2000, unpubl.) In addition the VegClass produces on demand a
Plant Functional Complexity (PFC) measure that reflects the total complexity of PFT combinations in any
one plot. The data summaries can be
exported to industry-standard packages such as Microsoft Excel© and Microsoft Access© databases.
The data were analysed using standard regression procedures (Minitab Ver. 12.21).
An exploratory data analysis package PATN (Belbin, 1992) was also used to
generate classifications using a Gower metric with a polythetic agglomerative
fusion strategy (unweighted pair-group averaging) and gradient analysis using
multidimensional scaling (semi-strong-hybrid) with a two-vector solution.
Previous research in multi-taxa baseline studies in Sumatra and
All sites were clearly
marked and carefully geo-referenced for follow-up studies of soil nutrients and
as a basis for studying related profitability (T.Tomich and M. van Noordwijk
pers. com.). Site records have been left with the ICRAF Office in Muarabungo as
well as at CIFOR in
3. Results
All vascular plant
species including plant families and genera and PFTs are listed in Annex
2. All plot data are stored in
electronic format at CIFOR,
Both the classification
(Fig. 1) and ordination (MDS) (Fig.2) show a clear separation of sites based on
age. The results confirm an ecological
observation in the field that after four years canopy closure occurs with the Oil
Palms. This represents a significant phase-shift in the under-canopy with a
reduction in herbaceous cover and in species and PFT composition and richness.
Two to four-year old plantations with open canopies offer a wider range of
ecological niches than the older ‘closed-canopy’ plantations. This is reflected
in a corresponding increase in species/PFT ratios in the latter where more
species occupy fewer PFTs (Table 4, Fig.3).
Despite the close correlation between plantation age and richness in
plant species and PFTs, the highest plant-based biodiversity occurs in large
holdings (>60,000 ha) operated by private individuals. Similarly sized
plantations owned by estates were poorer in both species and PFTs while
medium-sized, estate-owned plantations contained the lowest biodiversity
overall (Figs. 3 & 4).
The asymptotes shown in
the species:area, PFT:area and species/PFT:area curves (Annex 3) indicate that
with very few exceptions, all plots are sufficiently representative of the
target plantations. The curves with highest slopes for species and PFTs are
those under small-holder management. This indicates higher alpha-diversity for
small-holder versus large estate holdings.
4. Disussion and conclusions
Due to the relatively
low number of samples it was not possible to account for local variations in
fertiliser application, weeding regimes and grazing intensity by cattle and
buffalo. A greater density of samples will be required to accommodate these
effects. Despite these shortcomings the results illustrated here are consistent
with our observations in the fileld. The trends in impact on overall
plant-based biodiversity are also very clear – namely that estate-owned
plantations incur the highest impacts on biodiversity. This is no doubt due to
the more intense tending prescriptions involving pesticides and weedicides.
Compared with the generally widespread forested land use mosaics observed three
years earlier in the same general area, the impact observed on the landscape
during the survey was dramatic (Figs, 5,6) with massive reduction in indigenous
species and an increase in invasive weeds, particularly Asteraceae and
Melastomataceae. Plantations 10 years and older were, on the other hand
reservoirs of many fern species (Fig. 6) that became established in the axils
of dead Oil Palm fronds. Many of these (e.g. Dicranpoteris linearis, Nephrolepis biserrata, Pteris ensiliformis,
Pyrrosia lanceolata, Vittaria ensiformis) represent ‘weedy’ species. We
conclude that with the almost complete removal of stocks of native species of
both plants and anilmals that there is little potential for rehabilitation. The
widespread and ongoing conversion of forest to Oil Palm throughout the Jambi
lowlands and other areas of central and southern
International concern
has been widely expressed about the need for efficient management guidelines
and indicators that can be used to help sustain both biodiversity and
agricultural productivity (Reid, et al.
1993 ; World Bank, 1995) and in a way that is consistent with the National
Biodiversity Management Strategy of Indonesia (Government of Indonesia, 1993).
The present study has highlighted the need for adequate surveys prior to and
during large-scale land clearing and establishment of monoculture crops such as
Oil Palm. It appears certain that
without immediate Government intervention the biodiversity heritage of all or
most of the Sumatran lowlands will be lost within the next four to five years.
It is of paramount urgency that baseline studies be conducted in the remaining
foothills and uplands of the
5. References
Fox,
J., Wasson, M. and Applegate G. (2000). Forest
Use Policies and Strategies in
Sunderlin William D. and Ida Aju Pradnja Resosundarmo.
(1996). Rates and Causes of Deforestation
in
Potter, L
and Lee, J. (1998). Oil-Palm in
Belbin, L. 1992.
PATN Pattern Analysis Package: Technical Reference. CSIRO Div. Wildlife and
Ecology,
Bignell, D.E.,
Widodo, E., Susilo, F.X. and Suryu, H. (1999). Soil macrofauna. Ground-dwelling
ants, termites, other macroarthropods and earthworms. In: Gillison, A.N.,
Liswanti, N.L., (Eds.), An intensive
biodiversity baseline study in Jambi province, Central
Gillison, A.N.
1981. Towards a functional vegetation classification. In: A.N. Gillison and
D.J. Anderson (eds.) Vegetation
Classification in
Gillison, A.N.
1988. A plant functional proforma for dynamic vegetation studies and natural
resource surveys. Tech. Mem. 88/3. CSIRO Div. Water Resources,
Gillison, A.N.,
(compiler). 1999. Above-ground biodiversity assessment working group summary
report 1996-98. Goal 2: impact on biodiversity of different land uses.
Gillison, A.N. and Alegre, J.C. (unpubl.). The use of plant functional attributes in characterising plant biodiversity and land use impact in a forested land use mosaic in the Peruvian Amazon basin.
Gillison, A.N. and Brewer, K.R.W. (1985). The use of gradient directed transects or gradsects in natural resource surveys. J. Environ. Manage. 20: 103-127.
Gillison, A.N. and Carpenter, G. (1997). A plant functional attribute set and grammar for dynamic vegetation description and analysis. Funct. Ecol. 11: 775-783.
Gillison, A.N.,
Liswanti, N.L., (eds.), 1999. An intensive biodiversity baseline study in Jambi
province, Central Sumatra, Indonesia. In: Gillison, A.N. (coordinator), Above-ground biodiversity assessment working
group summary report 1996-99. Impact on biodiversity of different land uses.
Alternatives to slash and burn project. ICRAF,
Gillison, A.N.,
Liswanti, N. and Arief-Rachman,
Gillison, A.N., Carpenter, G., Thomas, M.R. (2000) Plant functional diversity and complexity: two new complementary measures of species diversity. (Unpubl.)
Government of
Hairiah, K. and
van Noordwijk, M. 1999. Soil properties
and carbon stocks. In: Gillison, A.N., Liswanti, N.L., (eds.), An intensive
biodiversity baseline study in Jambi province, Central Sumatra, Indonesia. In:
Gillison, A.N. (coordinator), Above-ground
biodiversity assessment working group summary report 1996-99. Impact on
biodiversity of different land uses. Alternatives to slash and burn
project. ICRAF,
Jepson, P,
Djarwadi (1999). Birds. In: Gillison, A.N., Liswanti, N.L.,
(Eds.), An intensive biodiversity
baseline study in Jambi province, Central
Jones, D. Susilo.
F.X, Bignell, D.E. and Suryo, H. (1999). Terrestrial Insects: Termites. Species Richness, Functional
Diversity and Relative Abundance of Termites under Different Land Use Regimes.
In: Gillison, A.N., Liswanti, N.L., (Eds.), An
intensive biodiversity baseline study in Jambi province, Central
Magurran, A.E. (1988). Ecological Diversity and its Measurement. Croom Helm, Lond.
Reid, W.V.,
McNeely, J.A., Tunstall, D.B. , Bryant, D.A. and Winograd, M. (1993). Biodiversity indicators for policy makers.
World Resources Institute,
Vanclay, J.K., Gillison, A.N. and Keenan, R.J. (1996). Using plant functional attributes to quantify site productivity and growth patterns in mixed forests. For. Ecol. Manage. 94: 149-163.
Watt, A.D. and
Zborowski, P. (1999). Canopy insects: Canopy arthropods and butterfly survey:
Prelliminary report. In: Gillison, A.N., Liswanti, N.L., (Eds.), An intensive biodiversity baseline study in
Jambi province, Central
Wessels, K.J., Van Jaarsveld, A.S., Grimbeek, J.D. and Van
der Linde, M.J. (1998). An evaluation of the gradsect biological survey method.
Biol. Cons.7: 1093-1121.
Woodward, F.I.,
Smith, T.M and Shugart, H.H. (1996). Defining plant functional types: the end
view. In: Plant Functional Types:their
relevance to ecosystem properties and global change. T.M. Smith, H.H.
Shugart and F.I. Woodward, eds. pp. 355-359.
World Bank, Global Environment Coordination Division, Land, Water and Natural Habitats Division (1995). Mainstreaming Biodiversity in Development: A World Bank Assistance Strategy for Implementing the Convention on Biological Diversity. Pp. 29 (Annexes I-IV). Environment Department Paper No. 29. Biodiversity Series.
Table 2.
Site location and physical features
|
Site |
Symbols |
location |
Date |
Observers |
Lat. (S) |
Long (E) |
Elev (m) |
Slope(%) |
Aspect (Deg) |
S_Dpt (cm) |
Ltr (cm) |
Terrain Unit |
SoilType |
|
|
|
PT. SAL II (Owned by Pak Sagiyo) |
04 Dec 99 |
AG/NL/AF/RA/AN |
01-40-13 |
102-20-19 |
60 |
10 |
90 |
>100 |
4.00 |
Midslope |
Ultisol |
|
JOP02 |
|
PT. SAL II (Owned by Ibu Khatirah) |
04 Dec 99 |
AG/NL/AF/RA/AN |
01-40-15 |
102-20-21 |
70 |
10 |
90 |
>100 |
2.00 |
Midslope |
Ultisol |
|
JOP03 |
|
PT. SAL II (Owned by Pak M. Toha) |
04 Dec 99 |
AG/NL/AF/RA/AN |
01-40-11 |
102-20-11 |
95 |
5 |
280 |
>100 |
2.00 |
Upper slope |
Ultisol |
|
JOP04 |
|
PT. SAL II (Owned by Pak M. Toha) |
04 Dec 99 |
AG/NL/AF/RA/AN |
01-40-10 |
102-20-12 |
100 |
12 |
100 |
>100 |
2.00 |
Upper slope |
Ultisol |
|
JOP05 |
|
PT. Tebora (Telentang Bungur Raya) |
05 Dec 99 |
AG/NL/AF/RA/AN |
01-31-30 |
101-53-07 |
160 |
45 |
135 |
>100 |
2.00 |
Upper slope |
Ultisol |
|
JOP06 |
|
PT. Tebora (Telentang Bungur Raya) |
05 Dec 99 |
AG/NL/AF/AN/JAS |
01-31-31 |
101-53-08 |
147 |
45 |
80 |
>100 |
1.00 |
Upper slope |
Ultisol |
|
JOP07 |
|
PT. Tebora (Telentang Bungur Raya) |
05 Dec 99 |
AG/NL/AF/RA/AN |
01-30-25 |
101-53-34 |
125 |
20 |
145 |
>100 |
7.00 |
Upper slope |
Ultisol |
|
JOP08 |
|
PT. Tebora (Telentang Bungur Raya) |
05 Dec 99 |
AG/NL/AF/AN/JAS |
01-30-18 |
101-53-31 |
155 |
20 |
285 |
>100 |
7.00 |
Upper slope |
Ultisol |
|
JOP09 |
|
Sepunggur area (Owned by Pak M. Purba) |
06 Dec 99 |
AG/NL/AF/AN |
01-29-52 |
102-16-47 |
28 |
3 |
220 |
>100 |
0.20 |
Flat |
Ultisol |
|
JOP10 |
|
Sepunggur area (Owned by Pak M. Purba) |
06 Dec 99 |
AG/NL/AF/AN |
01-29-06 |
102-16-40 |
28 |
3 |
220 |
>100 |
0.20 |
Flat |
Ultisol |
|
JOP11 |
|
Sepunggur area (Owned by Pak Nazarudin) |
06 Dec 99 |
AG/NL/AF/RA/AN |
01-30-10 |
102-15-26 |
35 |
0 |
0 |
>100 |
4.00 |
Flat |
Ultisol |
|
JOP12 |
|
Sepunggur area (Owned by Pak Nazarudin) |
06 Dec 99 |
AG/NL/AF/RA/AN |
01-30-10 |
102-15-29 |
29 |
7 |
90 |
>100 |
3.00 |
Flat |
Ultisol |
|
JOP13 |
|
Sepunggur area (Owned by Pak Alex) |
06 Dec 99 |
AG/NL/RA/AN |
01-31-21 |
102-16-14 |
38 |
2 |
300 |
>100 |
1.50 |
Flat |
Ultisol |
|
JOP14 |
|
Sepunggur area (Owned by Pak Alex) |
06 Dec 99 |
AG/NL/RA/AF/AN |
01-31-16 |
102-16-14 |
38 |
2 |
300 |
>100 |
1.50 |
Flat |
Ultisol |
|
JOP15 |
|
|
07 Dec 99 |
AG/NL/AF/AN |
01-23-23 |
102-03-29 |
55 |
0 |
0 |
>100 |
1.00 |
Flat |
Ultisol |
|
JOP16 |
|
|
07 Dec 99 |
AG/NL/RA/AF/AN |
01-23-23 |
102-03-29 |
55 |
0 |
0 |
>100 |
1.00 |
Flat |
Ultisol |
|
JOP17 |
|
Sepunggur area (Owned by Pak Haji Ibrahim) |
07 Dec 99 |
AG/NL/AF/AN |
01-29-18 |
102-15-48 |
40 |
2 |
150 |
>100 |
2.00 |
Flat |
Ultisol |
|
JOP18 |
|
Sepunggur area (Owned by Pak Haji Ibrahim) |
07 Dec 99 |
AG/NL/AF/AN |
01-29-17 |
102-15-03 |
55 |
0 |
180 |
>100 |
1.00 |
Flat |
Ultisol |
|
JOP19 |
|
Sepunggur area (Owned by Pak Haji Ibrahim) |
08 Dec 99 |
AG/NL/AF/AN |
01-29-10 |
102-15-05 |
36 |
5 |
320 |
>100 |
1.00 |
Flat |
Ultisol |
|
JOP20 |
|
Sepunggur area (Owned by Pak Haji Ibrahim) |
08 Dec 99 |
AG/NL/AF/AN |
01-29-11 |
102-14-35 |
35 |
5 |
320 |
>100 |
1.00 |
Flat |
Ultisol |
AG: Andy Gillison; NL: Nining Liswanti; AF: Afriastini; AN: Andy; RA: Ratna Akiefnawati; JAS: Jasnari; Lat: Latitute; Long: Longitute; Elev: Elevation; S_dpt: Soil Depth; Ltr: Litter
Table 3.
|
Site |
Symbols |
Age
Yrs |
Remarks |
M_Can |
CC |
CW |
CNW |
M_BA |
Bry |
Wdy |
M_FI |
|
JOP01 |
|
|
PIR Plasma system. The company gave 2 ha
oil palm land to each farmer. Treatment for clearing every 3 month.
Fertilized twice a year (Urea, KCl and TSP) |
6.00 |
90 |
70 |
20 |
42.00 |
4 |
2 |
2.5 |
|
JOP02 |
|
|
PIR Plasma system. The company gave 2 ha
oil palm land to the farmer. Treatment for clearing every 3 month. Fertilized
twice a year (Urea, KCl, TSP). |
6.00 |
85 |
70 |
15 |
34.67 |
3 |
8 |
0 |
|
JOP03 |
|
|
PIR Plasma system. The company gave 2 ha
oil palm land to the farmer. Fertilizer (Urea, KCl, TSP) twice a year. No
treatment for the last 5 months. |
4.00 |
95 |
55 |
40 |
35.00 |
2 |
6 |
0 |
|
JOP04 |
|
|
PIR Plasma system. The company gives 2 ha
oil palm land to the farmer. Fertilizer (Urea,KCl,TSP) twice a year. No
treatment for the last 5 months. |
4.00 |
95 |
55 |
40 |
30.67 |
4 |
5 |
0 |
|
JOP05 |
|
|
Fertilizer 3 times/year (NPK,TSP for the
first year). HGFb/Borate, MOP, NPK for the second year. Treatment before
fertilizer. |
2.50 |
90 |
10 |
80 |
0.20 |
1 |
1 |
26.25 |
|
JOP06 |
|
|
1.8 yr steep terrace covered in Pueraria phaseoloides and re-growth. |
2.00 |
90 |
10 |
80 |
0.20 |
1 |
4 |
38.75 |
|
JOP07 |
|
|
The first second year they used the same
fertilizer as plot no. JOP05 & 06. The fertilizer has been used after 30
months (KIESRIT, Urea, MOP (2x/year), TSP & Borate (1x /year). Treatment
before fertilizer. No weeding for the last 8 months. |
3.00 |
100 |
30 |
70 |
2.00 |
1 |
4 |
0 |
|
JOP08 |
|
|
Almost completely covered by Mikania cordata and Pueraria phaseoloides. |
2.80 |
100 |
20 |
80 |
2.00 |
1 |
2 |
0 |
|
JOP09 |
|
|
Small holder oil palm. Converted from
Jungle Rubber one year before. Mixed with padi rice. |
1.60 |
70 |
10 |
60 |
1.00 |
1 |
3 |
12 |
|
JOP10 |
|
|
Small holder oil palm. No treatment, last
treatment 4 month ago and planted by padi rice |
1.60 |
70 |
10 |
60 |
1.00 |
1 |
3 |
13.5 |
|
JOP11 |
|
|
Small holder oil palm. Weeding and used
fertilizer 3x/year (TSP, Urea, KCl). Grazing by goats |
2.80 |
95 |
20 |
75 |
17.33 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
|
JOP12 |
|
|
Small holder oil palm. Weeding and
fertilized 3x/year used Urea, KCl, TSP. Converted from Jungle rubber. Many
termite mounds. Heavily grazed by goats. |
2.80 |
98 |
30 |
68 |
14.67 |
1 |
5 |
20 |
|
JOP13 |
|
|
Fertilizer and weeding 6x/year using Urea,
MOP, Boron and Dolomite. |
5.00 |
98 |
80 |
18 |
34.67 |
2 |
1 |
0 |
|
JOP14 |
|
|
Small holder oil palm. Weeding and
fertilizer 6x per year using Urea, MOP, Boron, Dolomite. |
5.00 |
98 |
80 |
18 |
34.67 |
2 |
1 |
0 |
|
JOP15 |
|
|
Total area 1 ha. Weeding only twice for
the last two year. Used fertilizer MOP, NPK once a year. Planted in 1989/90.
Very heavily grazed by Cattle and |
6.50 |
95 |
75 |
20 |
49.33 |
5 |
2 |
0 |
|
JOP16 |
|
|
Total area 1 ha. Weeding only twice for
the last two year. Used fertilizer MOP, NPK once a year. Planted in 1989/90.
Very heavily grazed by Cattle and |
6.50 |
95 |
75 |
20 |
45.33 |
5 |
2 |
6.5 |
|
JOP17 |
|
|
Total area 60ha. Logged over but not
cleared. Dead logs provide extra niches for more plant species, PFTs. Palms
cleared 2 m around base. Fertilizer and weeding 2x per year using MOP and
NPK. |
10.00 |
95 |
80 |
15 |
49.33 |
6 |
3 |
0 |
|
JOP18 |
|
|
Total area 60ha. Logged over but not
cleared. Dead logs provide extra riches for more species, PFTs. Palms cleared
2 m around base. Fertilizer and weeding 2x per year |
10.00 |
95 |
80 |
15 |
44.00 |
4 |
1 |
0 |
|
JOP19 |
|
|
Small holder oil palm. Total area 60ha.
Fertilizer and weeding twice /year using Urea tablets and KCl. |
5.00 |
95 |
70 |
25 |
33.33 |
3 |
3 |
4.75 |
|
JOP20 |
|
|
Small holder oil palm. Total area 60ha.
Fertilizer and weeding twice /year using Urea tablets and KCl. |
5.00 |
95 |
70 |
25 |
41.33 |
3 |
3 |
4 |
M_Can: Mean Canopy Height; CC: Crown Cover%; CW: Crown Cover% Woody plants; CNW:
Crown Cover% Non Woody Plants; M_BA:
Mean Basal Area m2ha-1; Bry:
Bryophyte cover-abundance; Wdy:
Woody Plants<1.5m tall, cover-abundance; M_FI: Mean Furcation Index; FI
CV%: Coefficient Variation% of FI
Table 4.
Summary data for vascular plant species, PFTs or modi and species/PFT richness ratios, S/W PFT index, Simpson
FPT Index*
|
No. |
Site |
Symbols |
Total Records |
Unique PFTs |
Unique Species |
Unique Species/PFTs |
Simpson PFT Index |
|
Fisher's Alpha PFT |
|
1 |
JOP01 |
|
60 |
34 |
57 |
1.68 |
0.0506 |
3.27 |
32.52 |
|
2 |
JOP02 |
|
44 |
34 |
40 |
1.18 |
0.0382 |
3.41 |
68.65 |
|
3 |
JOP03 |
|
60 |
36 |
60 |
1.67 |
0.0556 |
3.28 |
38.00 |
|
4 |
JOP04 |
|
49 |
36 |
47 |
1.31 |
0.0462 |
3.39 |
61.23 |
|
5 |
JOP05 |
|
14 |
14 |
14 |
1.00 |
0.0714 |
2.64 |
389.09 |
|
6 |
JOP06 |
|
20 |
19 |
20 |
1.05 |
0.0550 |
2.93 |
175.72 |
|
7 |
JOP07 |
|
29 |
27 |
29 |
1.07 |
0.0392 |
3.27 |
187.40 |
|
8 |
JOP08 |
|
19 |
15 |
19 |
1.27 |
0.0748 |
2.65 |
32.93 |
|
9 |
JOP09 |
|
41 |
31 |
41 |
1.32 |
0.0446 |
3.30 |
57.90 |
|
10 |
JOP10 |
|
34 |
23 |
34 |
1.48 |
0.0640 |
2.96 |
31.22 |
|
11 |
JOP11 |
|
30 |
20 |
30 |
1.50 |
0.0667 |
2.86 |
26.22 |
|
12 |
JOP12 |
|
40 |
31 |
40 |
1.29 |
0.0412 |
3.33 |
63.28 |
|
13 |
JOP13 |
|
33 |
25 |
32 |
1.28 |
0.0505 |
3.12 |
47.01 |
|
14 |
JOP14 |
|
33 |
25 |
32 |
1.28 |
0.0505 |
3.12 |
47.01 |
|
15 |
JOP15 |
|
60 |
40 |
56 |
1.40 |
0.0411 |
3.48 |
52.45 |
|
16 |
JOP16 |
|
58 |
40 |
53 |
1.33 |
0.0386 |
3.50 |
56.97 |
|
17 |
JOP17 |
|
73 |
49 |
71 |
1.45 |
0.0377 |
3.64 |
65.29 |
|
18 |
JOP18 |
|
56 |
42 |
55 |
1.31 |
0.0370 |
3.57 |
76.33 |
|
19 |
JOP19 |
|
57 |
39 |
54 |
1.38 |
0.0514 |
3.38 |
54.44 |
|
20 |
JOP20 |
|
62 |
37 |
60 |
1.62 |
0.0593 |
3.26 |
38.68 |
* S/W = Shannon-Wiener diversity index for PFTs; Simpson = Simpson’s diversity index for PFTs (Gillison and Carpenter, unpubl.)


Fig. 1
Classification of 20 oil palm plots using vegetation structure (Mean
canopy ht; basal area); total species richness; total PFT richness; spp/PFT
richness
Fig. 2 Multidimentional Scaling of species and PFT richness and vegetation structure

Fig. 3 Relationship between vascular plant species
richness and plant functional types
(PFT) richness across all sites

Fig. 4 Land Use
Types ranked against “V” index (from: vegetation structure, species and
functional types), Jambi,

Newly established Oil Palm showing terrace
erosion

Two year old Oil Palm with dense Pueraria vine
cover

Four year old
Oil Pam with dense ground cover

Twelve year old Oil Palm with mixed ground cover and stem epiphytes
Annex
1. Itinerary of visit to Bungo Tebo
Area,
Personnel:
Andy Gillison (CIFOR)
Nining Liswanti (CIFOR)
Mrs. Afriastini (LIPI)
Ms. Ratna Akiefnawati (ICRAF Muara Bungo)
Andy (ICRAF-Muara Bungo)
Detail Schedule:
03 Dec 1999
Fly to
Travel to Muara Bungo, overnight at Hotel Swarna Bhumi
04 – 07 Dec 1999
Field work at Bungo Tebo area as the following:
Kecamatan Kuamang Kuning (+/- 35km fr MB)
PT. SAL II (Sari Aditya Loka)
Kecamatan Tanah Tumbuh (+/- 35km fr MB)
Oil Palm PT. Tebura (Telentang Bungur Raya)
Kecamatan Muara Tebo (+/- 44km fr MB)
Small holder Oil Palm (Sepunggur area)
08
Dec 1999
Travel to
09
Dec 1999
Return to
Contact Address:
ICRAF – Muara Bungo
Jl. Jambu 69A
Muara Bungo, Jambi
Tel./Fax.: 0747 322926
Contact Person: Ratna or Gerald
Swarna Bhumi Hotel (03-07 December)
Jl. Sultan Thaha 627,
Muara Bungo Jambi
Tel./Fax.: 0747 21043
BumiMinang Hotel (08 December)
Jl. Bundo Kandung No. 20-28,
Tel.: 0751 37555; Fax.: 0751-37567
Annex 2. Vascular Plant Taxa and Plant Functional
Types (Modi)
|
No. |
Site |
Modus |
Family |
Genus |
Species |
Authority |
Code |
Local Name |
|
1 |
JOP01 |
me-la-do-ch |
Melastomataceae |
Clidemia |
hirta |
(L.) D.Don |
CLIDHIRT |
harendang bulu |
|
2 |
JOP01 |
ma-la-do-ro-su-cr |
Araceae |
Alocasia |
longiloba |
Miq. |
ALOCLONG |
taro |
|
3 |
JOP01 |
mi-la-do-fi-hc-ad |
Nephrolepis group |
Nephrolepis |
exaltata |
(L.) Schott. |
NEPHEXAL |
paku-pakuan |
|
4 |
JOP01 |
no-la-do-hc-li |
Asteraceae |
Mikania |
cordata |
(Burm.f.) B.L. Robinson |
MIKACORD |
sembung rambat |
|
5 |
JOP01 |
me-la-do-ch-li |
Fabaceae |
Phanera |
semibifida |
Benth. |
PHANSEMI |
- |
|
6 |
JOP01 |
no-la-do-ch |
Asteraceae |
Chromolaena |
odorata |
(L.) R.M. King & H.Robinson |
CHROODOR |
kirinyu |
|
7 |
JOP01 |
no-ve-do-pv-hc-ad |
Poaceae |
Centotheca |
lappacea |
Desv. |
CENTLAPA |
rumput |
|
8 |
JOP01 |
mi-la-do-th |
Asteraceae |
Ageratum |
conyzoides |
L. |
AGERCONY |
wedusan |
|
9 |
JOP01 |
mi-ve-do-pv-hc |
Poaceae |
Cyrtococcum |
patens |
A. Camus |
CYRTPATE |
rumput |
|
10 |
JOP01 |
me-la-do-ch |
Euphorbiaceae |
Acalypha |
jop01/10 |
|
ACALJOP0 |
- |
|
11 |
JOP01 |
mi-la-do-ch |
Asteraceae |
Clibadium |
surinamense |
Linn. |
CLIBSURI |
kirinyuh |
|
12 |
JOP01 |
me-la-do-ch |
Solanaceae |
Solanum |
jamaicense |
Mill. |
SOLAJAMA |
Terung |
|
13 |
JOP01 |
mi-la-do-fi-hc-ad |
Asplenium group |
Asplenium |
caudatum |
Forst. |
ASPLCAUD |
paku-pakuan |
|
14 |
JOP01 |
mi-la-do-fi-hc-ad-ep |
Asplenium group |
Asplenium |
caudatum |
Forst |
ASPLCAUD |
paku-pakuan |
|
15 |
JOP01 |
no-la-do-fi-hc-ad-ep |
Blechnaceae |
Stenochlaena |
palustris |
Bedd. |
STENPALU |
paku-pakuan |
|
16 |
JOP01 |
mi-co-do-ro-fi-hc-ad-ep |
Vittaria group |
Vittaria |
ensiformis |
Sw. |
VITTENSI |
paku-pakuan |
|
17 |
JOP01 |
no-pe-do-su-fi-hc-ad-ep |
Vittaria group |
Vittaria |
scolopendrina |
(Bory) Thw. |
VITTSCOL |
paku-pakuan |
|
18 |
JOP01 |
mi-la-do-ro-fi-hc-ad-ep |
Asplenium group |
Asplenium |
nidus |
L. |
ASPLNIDU |
paku sarang burung |
|
19 |
JOP01 |
no-pe-do-fi-hc-ad-ep |
Polypodiaceae |
Polypodium |
verrucosum |
(Hook.) Wall. |
POLYVERR |
paku-pakuan |
|
20 |
JOP01 |
me-co-do-ro-pv-ph |
Arecaceae |
Elaeis |
guineensis |
Jack. |
ELAEGUIN |
sawit |
|
21 |
JOP01 |
no-ve-do-pv-hc |
Poaceae |
Axonopus |
compresus |
Beauv. |
AXONCOMP |
juku pait |
|
22 |
JOP01 |
na-la-do-fi-hc |
Pteris group |
Pteris |
ensiliformis |
Burm.f. |
PTERENSI |
paku-pakuan |
|
23 |
JOP01 |
na-la-do-fi-hc-li |
Schizeaceae |
Lygodium |
circinnatum |
Swartz |
LYGOCIRC |
paku-pakuan |
|
24 |
JOP01 |
me-la-do-ch-li |
Asclepiadaceae |
Gymnema |
jop01/24 |
|
GYMNJOP0 |
- |
|
25 |
JOP01 |
na-la-do-fi-hc-ad |
Davallia group |
Davallia |
solida |
|
DAVASOLI |
paku-pakuan |
|
26 |
JOP01 |
le-la-do-fi-hc-ad |
Thelypteris group |
Sphaerostephanos |
heterocarpus |
(Bl.) Holtt. |
SPHAHETE |
paku-pakuan |
|
27 |
JOP01 |
mi-la-do-ch |
Melastomataceae |
Melastoma |
affine |
D.Don |
MELAAFFI |
senduduk |
|
28 |
JOP01 |
mi-la-do-pv-hc |
Poaceae |
Paspalum |
conjugatum |
Berg. |
PASPCONJ |
rumput |
|
29 |
JOP01 |
mi-la-do-hc-li |
Fabaceae |
Calopogonium |
mucunoides |
Desv. |
CALOMUCU |
- |
|
30 |
JOP01 |
me-la-do-ch-li |
Menispermaceae |
Limacia |
oblonga |
Hook.f.et Thoms. |
LIMAOBLO |
- |
|
31 |
JOP01 |
me-la-do-ch |
Rubiaceae |
Psychotria |
viridiflora |
Zoll.ex Mix. |
PSYCVIRI |
kikores |
|
32 |
JOP01 |
no-co-do-ch-ep |
Melastomataceae |
Melastoma |
affine |
D.Don |
MELAAFFI |
senduduk |
|
33 |
JOP01 |
mi-la-do-ch |
Asteraceae |
Vernonia |
cinerea |
Less. |
VERNCINE |
- |
|
34 |
JOP01 |
mi-la-do-pv-hc |
Poaceae |
Ottochloa |
nodosa |
(Kunth.) Dandy. |
OTTONODO |
rumput |
|
35 |
JOP01 |
no-la-do-ch-ep |
Melastomataceae |
Clidemia |
hirta |
(L.) D.Don |
CLIDHIRT |
harendang bulu |
|
36 |
JOP01 |
na-co-do-fi-hc-ep |
Denstaedtiaceae |
Microlepia |
speluncae |
|
MICRSPEL |
paku-pakuan |
|
37 |
JOP01 |
me-la-do-ro-pv-ch-ad |
Agavaceae |
Pleomele |
elliptica |
N.E. Brown |
PLEOELLI |
- |
|
38 |
JOP01 |
pl-la-do-ch |
Moraceae |
Artocarpus |
elastica |
Reinw. |
ARTOELAS |
benda |
|
39 |
JOP01 |
no-la-do-su-ch-ad |
Myrsinaceae |
Labisia |
pumila |
Benth. & Hook.f. |
LABIPUMI |
mata pelanduk |
|
40 |
JOP01 |
me-la-do-ch-li |
Melastomataceae |
Dissochaeta |
gracilis |
Bl. |
DISSGRAC |
- |
|
41 |
JOP01 |
mi-la-do-ch |
Rubiaceae |
Mussaenda |
frondosa |
Roxb. |
MUSAFRON |
- |
|
42 |
JOP01 |
mi-la-do-hc |
Melastomataceae |
Sonerilla |
cf.ruttenii |
Bakh.f. |
SONECF. |
- |
|
43 |
JOP01 |
mi-la-do-hc |
Urticaceae |
Pouzolzia |
zeylanica |
Benn. |
POUZZEYL |
- |
|
44 |
JOP01 |
me-la-do-ch |
Moraceae |
Ficus |
hirta |
Vahl. |
FICUHIRT |
harendang bulu |
|
45 |
JOP01 |
mi-la-do-ch |
Simaroubaceae |
Eurycoma |
longifolia |
Jack |
EURYLONG |
pasak bumi |
|
46 |
JOP01 |
mi-la-do-fi-hc-ad-ep |
Asplenium group |
Asplenium |
glaucophyllum |
U.A.V.K |
ASPLGLAU |
paku-pakuan |
|
47 |
JOP01 |
na-la-do-fi-hc |
Nephrolepis group |
Nephrolepis |
biserrata |
Schott. |
NEPHBISE |
paku-pakuan |
|
48 |
JOP01 |
mi-la-do-ch |
Euphorbiaceae |
Breynia |
cernua |
Muell. |
BREYCERN |
gamer |
|
49 |
JOP01 |
mi-ve-do-fi-hc |
Pteris group |
Pteris |
jop01/49 |
|
PTERJOP0 |
paku-pakuan |
|
50 |
JOP01 |
pl-la-do-ch |
Moraceae |
Ficus |
fistulosa |
Reinw. ex. Bl. |
FICUVIST |
beunying |
|
51 |
JOP01 |
no-la-do-ch |
Myrtaceae |
Syzygium |
jop01/51 |
|
SYZYJOP0 |
- |
|
52 |
JOP01 |
no-la-do-ch |
Rubiaceae |
|