<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">E Penot</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">asb@cgiar.org</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">penot@cirad.fr</style></author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">From Shifting Agriculture To Sustainable Rubber Agroforestry Systems (Jungle Rubber) In Indonesia: A History Of Innovations Processes.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beyond tropical deforestation</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">adoption of innovations.</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">complex agroforestry systems</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jungle Rubber</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rubber</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">shifting agriculture</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/17/33/02/PDF/BOOK_CHAPTER_unesco_2003_af_pENOT.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CIRAD-TERA</style></publisher><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">221-250</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">English</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The plains of Sumatra and Kalimantan were sparsely populated at the turn of the 19th century (less than 4 inhabitants/km²), and the local population relied mainly on shifting cultivation of upland rice. The introduction of rubber by Dutch private
Estates in the 1910's triggered a radical change in the landscape but no fundamental change in farming practices, at least at the beginning, with the adoption of a rubber based agroforestry system. As right from the beginning, the Estates adopted
monoculture as a way of maximizing rubber production, other farmers became aware of the possibility of growing rubber in a very extensive way by enriching their fallows (belukar) using the unselected rubber seedlings that were available and cost nothing. Planting rubber along with upland rice resulted in only a little additional work, involved almost no risks and, most important, no additional cost. Rubber grew together with the secondary forest in a complex agroforestry system (CAF) called
'jungle rubber&quot;. Productivity was sufficient to produce a very attractive income, but tapping of jungle rubber only starts after 8-15 years compared with 5-6 years with monoculture. The advantages of jungle rubber are clear: no cost, no labour required for maintenance during the immature stage, income diversification with fruits, rattan, timber and other NTFP (non timber forest products) in the agroforest system. There are also indirect environmental benefits in soil conservation and rehabilitation of degraded lands. Alongside their rubber production, farmers continued to slash and burn new plots every year but less than before. Estates began organizing their own research programme in the 1920's, which led to the adoption of fertilization, an increase in weeding the use of improved planting material (clones), which had the most significant effect in terms of yield. Meanwhile farmers began to develop their own innovations that can be called &quot;endogenous technical innovations&quot; mainly through the improvement of certain rubber cultivation practices such as planting in lines, minimum weeding (once a year), intercropping during the immature stage. At that point, as the farmers’ primary aim was to set up a rubber system that minimzed capital and labour requirements, they shifted from an &quot;enriched fallow with rubber&quot; to a real &quot;complex rubber agroforestry system&quot;. </style></abstract><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></section></record></records></xml>